Grade 10: Hindi

In this unit, 'Formal and informal letters', you learn to write both. You work with notes, a worked line and a self-mark. You see it, say it, then do it alone.

• Listen first: your teacher or a recording says the new words or sentences from 'Formal and informal letters' twice. You repeat them aloud.
• Notice the pattern: find where the new sound, word form or sentence rule appears in a short text and mark it.
• Use it: write both, first with help, then alone.
• Check and fix: read your work aloud once more; fix one thing you hear is wrong.

Step by step.

1. Step 1, Compare the two kinds of letter. Informal: to a friend, greeting प्रिय [Dear], pronoun तुम, ending तुम्हारा मित्र [Your friend]। Formal: to an official, starts सेवा में [To], has a विषय [subject] line, greeting महोदय [Sir], pronoun आप, ending भवदीय [Yours faithfully]। Make a two-column chart.
2. Step 2, Write an informal letter. Place and date on the right: दिल्ली, 5 नवंबर 2026. Then प्रिय सखी नेहा, सप्रेम नमस्कार [Dear friend Neha, warm greetings]। परीक्षा में प्रथम आने की बहुत बधाई [Many congratulations on coming first in the exam]।
3. Step 3, Complete the informal body and ending. मुझे तुम पर गर्व है [I am proud of you]। अगले रविवार को हमारे घर मिठाई खाने आना [Come to our house next Sunday to eat sweets]। तुम्हारी सखी, ऋचा [Your friend, Richa]। The tone is warm and the sentences are short.
4. Step 4, Write the formal letter. सेवा में, नगर आयुक्त महोदय [To, the Municipal Commissioner, Sir]। विषय: सड़क पर गड्ढों की मरम्मत हेतु [Subject: for repair of potholes on the road]। महोदय, सविनय निवेदन है कि हमारी गली में बड़े गड्ढे हैं [Sir, I humbly state that there are large potholes in our street]।
5. Step 5, Finish the formal letter. गड्ढों से रोज़ दुर्घटनाएँ होती हैं [Potholes cause accidents every day]। अतः आपसे अनुरोध है कि शीघ्र मरम्मत कराएँ [So I request you to have them repaired quickly]। भवदीय, [your name], with date. Check you did not mix तुम into this letter.
6. Step 6, Your turn: write the subject line and closing for a formal letter asking the principal for new library books. Model answer: विषय: पुस्तकालय में नई पुस्तकें मँगवाने हेतु [Subject: for ordering new books for the library]। अतः कृपया नई पुस्तकें मँगवाएँ। धन्यवाद। आपका आज्ञाकारी शिष्य।

Activity. About 30 to 40 minutes of class work, then one short practice task for home. Keep evidence: a worked task and a corrected copy.

Standard to meet. Write both: at least 8 of 10 marks on a short task, with one line of reasoning for each answer.

In this unit, 'Essay and article', you learn to write an article. You work with notes, a worked line and a self-mark. You see it, say it, then do it alone.

• Listen first: your teacher or a recording says the new words or sentences from 'Essay and article' twice. You repeat them aloud.
• Notice the pattern: find where the new sound, word form or sentence rule appears in a short text and mark it.
• Use it: write an article, first with help, then alone.
• Check and fix: read your work aloud once more; fix one thing you hear is wrong.

Step by step.

1. Step 1, Separate an article from an essay. An article is written for readers of a newspaper or magazine and has a headline and byline. It argues or informs about a current topic in about 120 to 150 words. Choose the topic ऑनलाइन पढ़ाई: लाभ और सीमाएँ [online study: benefits and limits].
2. Step 2, Write the headline and byline. Headline: ऑनलाइन पढ़ाई: सुविधा भी, चुनौती भी [Online study: convenience and challenge]। Byline: लेखक: आपका नाम [Writer: your name]। A headline is short, has a colon or a pair of ideas, and makes the reader want to continue.
3. Step 3, Write a hook introduction. आज लाखों विद्यार्थी घर बैठे पढ़ाई कर रहे हैं [Today lakhs of students are studying sitting at home]। प्रश्न यह है कि क्या यह तरीका हर बच्चे के लिए उतना ही अच्छा है [The question is whether this method is equally good for every child]?
4. Step 4, Write two body paragraphs. Benefits: समय की बचत और घर बैठे सुविधा [saving time and comfort at home]। Limits: खेल और मित्रों से मिलना कम हो जाता है, और इंटरनेट हर जगह नहीं मिलता [meeting friends and playing decrease, and internet is not available everywhere]। Give one example per paragraph.
5. Step 5, Write the conclusion with a suggestion. संतुलन ही समाधान है [Balance is the solution]। कक्षा में पढ़ाई और ऑनलाइन साधन साथ-साथ चलें तो विद्यार्थियों को सबसे अधिक लाभ होगा [If class study and online tools go together, students will gain the most]। Keep the tone formal.
6. Step 6, Your turn: write a headline and an opening line for an article on सड़क सुरक्षा [road safety]। Model answer: Headline: सड़क पर सावधानी, जीवन की सुरक्षा [Care on the road, safety of life]। Opening: हर दिन सड़क पर छोटी-सी लापरवाही बड़ी दुर्घटना बन सकती है [Every day a small carelessness on the road can become a big accident]।

Activity. About 30 to 40 minutes of class work, then one short practice task for home. Keep evidence: a worked task and a corrected copy.

Standard to meet. Write an article: at least 8 of 10 marks on a short task, with one line of reasoning for each answer.

In this unit, 'Advertisement and notice', you learn to write a notice. You work with notes, a worked line and a self-mark. You see it, say it, then do it alone.

• Listen first: your teacher or a recording says the new words or sentences from 'Advertisement and notice' twice. You repeat them aloud.
• Notice the pattern: find where the new sound, word form or sentence rule appears in a short text and mark it.
• Use it: write a notice, first with help, then alone.
• Check and fix: read your work aloud once more; fix one thing you hear is wrong.

Step by step.

1. Step 1, Learn the notice format. Write the school name at the top (use [विद्यालय का नाम]), then the word सूचना [Notice], then the date, then a short heading, then the message, and finally the writer's post. A notice should stay within about 50 words and state who, what, when and where.
2. Step 2, Write the top part. [विद्यालय का नाम] / सूचना / 10 दिसंबर 2026 / वार्षिक खेल दिवस [Annual Sports Day]। The date goes on the left, the heading in the middle. Check that 10 December 2026 is a Thursday, so the notice is given before the weekend.
3. Step 3, Write the body. सभी छात्रों को सूचित किया जाता है कि वार्षिक खेल दिवस 18 दिसंबर 2026 को प्रातः 9 बजे विद्यालय मैदान में होगा [All students are informed that the Annual Sports Day will be on 18 December 2026 at 9 a.m. in the school ground]। इच्छुक छात्र 14 दिसंबर तक खेल शिक्षक को नाम दें [Interested students should give names to the games teacher by 14 December]।
4. Step 4, Sign the notice with the post, not a chatty line: हस्ताक्षर: खेल प्रभारी [Signed: Games in-charge]। Count your words, since a notice that runs too long loses marks. The language is passive and formal, using किया जाता है [is done] and होगा [will be].
5. Step 5, Compare an advertisement. An advertisement tries to attract readers, so it has a catchy heading, short lines and contact details. Example: पुस्तक मेला! [Book Fair!] अपनी पसंद की पुस्तकें पाइए [Find your favourite books]। 20 से 22 दिसंबर, नगर हॉल। संपर्क: XXXXX [contact number].
6. Step 6, Your turn: write a notice that the school library will be closed on 25 November 2026 for stock-checking. Model answer: सूचना / 20 नवंबर 2026 / पुस्तकालय बंद रहेगा। सूचित किया जाता है कि 25 नवंबर 2026 को पुस्तकालय गिनती के कारण बंद रहेगा। हस्ताक्षर: पुस्तकालय प्रभारी।

Activity. About 30 to 40 minutes of class work, then one short practice task for home. Keep evidence: a worked task and a corrected copy.

Standard to meet. Write a notice: at least 8 of 10 marks on a short task, with one line of reasoning for each answer.

In this unit, 'Oral presentation', you learn to present on a topic. You work with notes, a worked line and a self-mark. You see it, say it, then do it alone.

• Listen first: your teacher or a recording says the new words or sentences from 'Oral presentation' twice. You repeat them aloud.
• Notice the pattern: find where the new sound, word form or sentence rule appears in a short text and mark it.
• Use it: present on a topic, first with help, then alone.
• Check and fix: read your work aloud once more; fix one thing you hear is wrong.

Step by step.

1. Step 1, Choose a topic and a purpose. For स्वच्छ जल [clean water], the purpose is to inform. Plan three minutes, three key points and three or four slides or cards. List the points: why clean water matters, how we waste it, and what we can do.
2. Step 2, Write a hook opening. क्या आप जानते हैं कि हम रोज़ कितना पानी बहा देते हैं [Do you know how much water we let run away every day]? सभी को नमस्कार [Hello, everyone]। आज मैं स्वच्छ जल पर बोलूँगा [Today I will speak about clean water]। A question draws attention at once.
3. Step 3, Signpost your points so listeners can follow. पहला बिंदु, जल का महत्त्व [first point, importance of water]। दूसरा बिंदु, जल की बर्बादी [second point, waste of water]। तीसरा बिंदु, हमारे उपाय [third point, our actions]। Signpost words work like road signs for the ear.
4. Step 4, Add evidence. एक बूँद प्रति सेकंड टपकने वाला नल लगभग 4 लीटर पानी रोज़ बहा देता है [A tap dripping one drop per second wastes about 4 litres a day]। Check: 86,400 seconds x 0.05 mL a drop = 4,320 mL, about 4.3 litres. That is about 1,577 litres a year.
5. Step 5, Close and handle questions. तो आइए हम सब मिलकर पानी बचाएँ [So let us all save water together]। धन्यवाद [Thank you]। आपके कोई प्रश्न हों तो पूछिए [If you have any questions, please ask]। If you do not know an answer, say: मैं पता करके बताऊँगा [I will find out and tell you].
6. Step 6, Your turn: write an opening question and one evidence point for a talk on पेड़ और पर्यावरण [trees and the environment]। Model answer: क्या आपने कभी पेड़ के नीचे ठंडक महसूस की है [Have you ever felt coolness under a tree]? पेड़ कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड लेते हैं और ऑक्सीजन छोड़ते हैं [Trees take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen]।

Activity. About 30 to 40 minutes of class work, then one short practice task for home. Keep evidence: a worked task and a corrected copy.

Standard to meet. Present on a topic: at least 8 of 10 marks on a short task, with one line of reasoning for each answer.

On the slide: L1 Basic · Greetings and first words

Notes: Greet people politely, say your name and name five family members in Hindi. Notes: teach नमस्ते (namaste, hello) and मेरा नाम ... है (mera naam ... hai, my name is ...) by ear; learners greet a partner and point to family photos while saying each word.

On the slide: L2 Awareness · The Devanagari script

Notes: Recognise the vowels and first consonants of Devanagari and copy them neatly under the top line. Notes: show how letters hang from a horizontal line, then write क (ka) with correct stroke order; learners find it in three printed words and read each one aloud.

On the slide: L3 Foundation · Simple sentences and postpositions

Notes: Read and write short sentences with verb at the end and use postpositions such as में (in) and पर (on). Notes: model किताब मेज़ पर है (kitaab mez par hai, the book is on the table); learners make five sentences about a classroom and draw each one.

On the slide: L4 Practitioner · Daily conversation and tenses

Notes: Hold a short conversation about daily life using present, past and future tenses with correct gender agreement. Notes: contrast वह जाता है (he goes) with वह जाती है (she goes); learners ask a partner what they did yesterday, then write six sentences marking each verb ending.

This course: Grade 10 Hindi is at this level. Its units include Formal and informal letters; Essay and article; Advertisement and notice; Oral presentation.

On the slide: L5 Specialist · Reading, writing and register

Notes: Read a news article and write a formal letter of about 200 words, choosing between polite and casual forms. Notes: compare आप, तुम and तू (you, three levels of respect) in one dialogue; learners rewrite it for a teacher, a friend and a child.

On the slide: L6 Advanced · Literature and linguistics

Notes: Analyse a Hindi poem or story for theme, form and vocabulary origins, and write a critical essay in Hindi. Notes: use a short poem; learners sort ten words into Sanskrit-derived, Persian-derived and English-derived, then argue in 500 words how word choice shapes tone.

On the slide: L7 Super expert · Research, translation and teaching

Notes: Design a research or translation project on Hindi language or literature, justify the method and present findings to peers. Notes: pick a topic such as code-switching in advertising; collect forty examples, classify them, discuss limits of the sample, and have a fluent reviewer check every claim.